![]() (A) Single-subject example of attentional fluctuations during a continuous performance task, detected with intermittent self-reports of “off-task” focus (top) and with spontaneous changes in reaction time variability (bottom) (reproduced with permission from Kucyi, Esterman, Riley, & Valera, 2016). Subtypes of spontaneous cognitive processes detected in behavioral and neural fluctuations. ![]() We conclude that continued investigation of the behavioral relevance of time-varying functional connectivity will be beneficial both in the development of comprehensive neural models of cognition, and in informing on best practices for studying brain network dynamics.Īrousal Default mode network Dynamic functional connectivity Mind wandering Resting state Spontaneous cognition.įigure 1. Moreover, we describe how these studies are critical to validating the use of neuroimaging tools (e.g., fMRI) for assessing ongoing brain network dynamics. We define these subtypes of spontaneous cognitive processes and review evidence of their representations in time-varying functional connectivity from studies of attentional fluctuations, memory reactivation, and effects of baseline states on subsequent perception. In this Perspective, we propose that certain subtypes of spontaneous cognitive processes are detectable in time-varying functional connectivity measurements. ![]() Recently, there has been increased emphasis, especially in functional neuroimaging research, on spontaneous correlated activity among spatially segregated brain regions (intrinsic functional connectivity) and, more specifically, on intraindividual fluctuations of such correlated activity on various time scales (time-varying functional connectivity). In everyday life, however, many forms of cognitive processes are initiated spontaneously, without an individual's active effort and without explicit manipulation of behavioral state. In cognitive neuroscience, focus is commonly placed on associating brain function with changes in objectively measured external stimuli or with actively generated cognitive processes.
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